How did English come to New Zealand Research Paper

How did English come to New Zealand - Research Paper Example There are indeed various perspectives from which English as a language can be discussed, however, based on the above perspective, this paper discusses the aspects of when, how, and why English language come to New Zealand. This will be addressed in various perspectives depending on the manner in which English has contributed. New Zealand is an island found in the Pacific Ocean, towards the Southwestern region with a population of about 4.4 million. New Zealand currently, has English as its official language in addition to New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) that was adopted in 2006 for use as the other official language, both in the legal perspective such as in court representation, and in delivery and access to government services (Morris 216). Despite English and the New Zealand Sign Language being the official languages of communication in the country, there are also other languages used among the citizens of the country with ethnic backgrounds (Gordon 54). These are the languages spoken by a majority of the pre-European inhabitants of New Zealand with the most common being MÄ ori language. Based on the above perspective, it is clear that English language is therefore, not a native language in New Zealand, despite its current dominance in the country with 96.14% popularity (Hay and Maclagan 58), in its usage. Many arguments have been made concerning the use of English language in New Zealand, especially, based on the aspect of when, how, who, and why it came to New Zealand. New Zealand English, ideally, has a significant history in terms of how it came into existence in the country. Largely, many attribute the entry of English language into New Zealand from Australia, New Zealand’s neighbor considering that the accent of the language used in both nations have substantive similarities (Watts 99). However, the truth of the matter is that English made entry into

Childhood obesity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Childhood obesity - Research Paper Example Childhood obesity is one of most critical issues related to children. It is the medical condition which puts adverse impact on the health of such children who are very fat as compared to other children of their age group. It is a very serious issue because childhood obesity can cause heath problems as well as psychological problems for the children. Many factors lead to childhood obesity, such as, lack of exercises, poor nutritional habits, and eating junk food. This medical condition may also linger into adulthood creating risks for the health of children, such as, heart problems, high blood pressure, and diabetes. This research paper is going to be very important for parents and nutritionists as they will not only get to know the impact of childhood obesity on young children but also the ways they can use to deal with this health problem. The statistics will also be there to reveal how many parents actually have awareness of this health issue. Parent involvement in their children’s physical activities and nutritional habits at home and at school will be the main focal point of the research. Parizkova, J., & Hills, A. (2005). Childhood Obesity: Prevention and Treatment (2nd ed.). Florida, FL: CRC Press. (This book will make the researcher know some of the core developmental aspects of obesity and their influences on early stages of life) Robinson, N. (2011). What Is Childhood Obesity?. Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-childhood-obesity.htm (This article is a great source of information regarding childhood obesity. It includes main causes and risks related to childhood obesity) Smith, C. (1999). Understanding Childhood Obesity. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. (This book will provide the researcher with the knowledge of every aspect of childhood obesity. It will provide us with a great help in research). Waters, E., Swinburn, B., Seidell, J., & Uauy, R. (2010). Preventing Childhood Obesity: Evidence Policy

Developing and improving environmental problems

Developing and improving environmental problems Environmental problems are always on the agenda when it comes to developing new and improved ways to â€Å"fix† the concerns the general public holds towards the current environment. New technology and new sources of clean energy, fuel, and water are the challenges being embraced by new, young, and exciting companies. The thinking of these companies is that new technology is the focus that is needed to bring about environmental change. The portfolios of these fledgling companies are growing, and the dreams of these energetic companies will soon become reality as the plans come from the drawing boards to commercialisation. Young entrepreneurs are being made millionaires virtually overnight and Australia is seeing a rise in its superannuation funds giving the impression that Australia is definitely not in a cash shortage. This growth, as well as sustained resources, has built the Australian superannuation economy to nearly $1.2 trillion with just 2 percent of these funds represented by venture capitalists. With the prospect of new technology comes the expansion of the Australian venture capital which is currently worth around $65 million a year. Government policies, along with consumer demand and environmental pressures, have brought about the growth in these technological companies which has now attracted 13 percent more venture capitalists. This gives us the impression that the clean technology boom is matching that of the 1990s Dotcom boom. With clean technology being compared to the Dotcom boom, key differences are highlighted by the promise of spectacular returns on high-risk investments. The Dotcom boom was in fact a very promising enterprise (on paper) with many of its success stories still showing profit. However, there are those that did lose out when the saturation of the market forced company profits down. Unlike the Dotcom boom, clean technology is seen as an ever constant need for the solution to environmental problems. With the current government regulations on offer there is no shortage of assistance giving the clean technology companies the range in which to work and the support needed to get the ideas from the drawing board to the consumer market. The key here is to have somewhat of a balance between environmental responsibility and producing creative solutions. This gives way for any rival ideas to be brought forward with each environmental problem. The silicon that is used to generate decentralised electricity is currently expensive and while silicon companies are conducting ways to cut this cost, other companies such as electricity companies are looking for ways to reduce consumers electricity expenses by using cheaper materials that in fact perform the same function. Government and venture capitalists funds as well as the initial public offering of more than $1 billion has helped lead the way for this clean technology venture and to date there is currently only five specialists in this field to ensure its steady growth. Australians are definitely unique in their way of thinking. What might seem like mere common sense ideas are in fact solutions to problems. Distribution networks and climatic conditions give way to an endless supply of ideas that make way for the clean technology sector. Australia has launched its first wholesale carbon fund with the idea of raising $250 million from wholesale investors. Fifty percent of The ArkX fund is to be invested into global renewable energy with 25 percent in Clean Development Mechanism, 20 percent in trading European Union carbon credits, and the last 5 percent being invested in high-risk projects in Australia. Around 70 dedicated carbon funds currently operate globally with some of these funds returning a 24.7 percent profit to date. With the environment in turmoil, the need for clean technology increases and while there are always going to be some companies that will benefit from technological advances there will unfortunately be those that dwindle. The biggest irony in the environment dilemma is the fact that technology was the instigator of the current problems and now seems to be the only thing that can relieve the situation. Bearing this in mind, the real winners in this matter will undoubtedly be the environment and indeed the general public.

Essay --

In this study the Bayesian inference will in conditioned on data and not on the design for in exploring Bayesian approach in crops trials. Our main interest was to ascertain how Bayesian methods have been applied in the design and analysis of real data of estimation of a single crop variety trial in block designs, genetic gain, genotypic and phenotypic correlations, and genotypes by environment integration, stability analysis and breeding values. The methodology for the literature search Bayesian methods in crop trials. Yuen and Mila (2012) state that a Bayesian approach is useful in plant pathology. Bayesian inference, based on probability is a convenient way to deal with these sorts of problem. The main difficulty with likelihood methods are optimization problems such as multiple modes, solution of likelihood equations etc., whereas integration problem is more often associate with Bayesian approach that largely due to the advancement in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, esp ecially Gibbs sampling techniques. WinBUGS (the Windows version of Bayesian inference Using Gibbs Samp...

Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: A History Essay

In studying the early history of relations between the Aboriginal people of the country that is now called Canada, and the European newcomers from first contact to present day, it appears that more of the truth from the past is being revealed even now. Aboriginal philosophy and technology was vastly different and considered primitive to most newcomers but also was seen as brilliant to those newcomers that were able to understand and learn some of the ancient traditions. It would not be fair to assume that marginalization of the aboriginal was increased only as a direct result of technology, as each culture has its own technology not necessarily better or worse than the other. In early times the Europeans were at the mercy of the Aboriginal`s for their very survival as they were not fit to survive in this part of North America because of the difficult geography and climate. In Dickason’s book Canada’s First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times she makes reference to how, â€Å"Anthropologist Robin Rodington has made the point that their technology consisted of knowledge rather than tools† (Dickason, pg. 40). It was soon seen that the aboriginal technologies including; survival, shared wealth, spirituality, navigating the wilderness, hunting, trapping, song, dance, stories and methods of warfare were all beneficial to the new colonial pioneers. See more: My Writing Process Essay The Europeans also brought; greed, firearms, firewater, reading, religion and writing (books), some of which were beneficial to the aboriginal but not necessary as they had done very well without them for a long time. Dickason then goes on to explain â€Å"that Amerindians had been able to survive as well as they did with a comparatively simple tool kit† (Dickason. Pg. 40) This simple tool kit was used along with complex knowledge to enable pre-contact aboriginal people to thrive in Northern North America. The early Europeans quickly realized that Aboriginals skills would be required in order for them to survive in such an environment, but they did not yet understand that these Aboriginal people were not to be easily conquered. The Canadian Aboriginal people’s military strength was often underestimated and misunderstood. As the aboriginal people eventually became a minority in their own land and their technology was seen as lacking any real value they were seen as being in the way of progress. In his book Sweet Promises J. R. Miller explains in the introduction how one historian has referred to as the ‘onset of irrelevance’. Relations changed drastically as the aboriginal people were no longer needed for military support as peace was on the horizon after the war of 1812. Increased immigration coupled with; death, disease and a lack of a way to provide for themselves led to the aboriginal people becoming even more of a minority. As marginalization hastened resulting in the aboriginal people having few choices left as they had become institutionalized by the government that was clearly not trying to help them at this point. All they could do was survive and try and hold on to what they had known before the Europeans had arrived not to mention their self-respect. Looking at this part of the World at this time which is considered a time of peace after The War of 1812. With the technological revolution under way which would change every culture on the planet, including the Canadian aboriginal way of life. The government with an increasing amount of immigrants and only so much good land to go around would create the reserve and the residential school to deal with the aboriginal. It was a piece at a time process but eventually it would contribute to their further marginalization and demise as a people. The government of its day just wanted what was best for its people of which the aboriginal were not. They were acting as if they were doing something good for the aboriginal people but facts are facts. The Steam engine, the automobile and soon another War would affect the aboriginal way of life both negatively and positively as well. It wouldn’t be until after the Second World War that the Canadian Aboriginal would begin to have any relevance as it would seem as the same as the reasons in the past. As J. R. miller points out in Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens â€Å"that the relationship between the indigenous peoples and non- natives has been shaped by practical, often economic, factors†. (Miller pg. 402-3). The recent â€Å"Idle No More† protest movement is proof that the Canadian aboriginal people are going to become more relevant in Canada’s future. Looking at the history of Canada with a better understanding from both the aboriginal side and the European side it is clear to see the past. In history this same process has occurred between different cultures and their technologies. Sometimes as well in history it has been seen that the cultures that survive exclusion emerge and then their true wisdom and its value is understood by all. More of the cause of the marginalization that has occurred was a clash of cultures; one of greed vs. that of benevolence. I see this happening now more than ever in Canada and the world could learn from the aboriginal knowledge especially how to protect the planet and its inhabitants.

Information Management

In the current market, most companies use ERP system to solve most of their management issues and also assist an organization in running efficiently. The ERP system is also well- known to be really simple and easy to work with for many organizations. In the following sections, this essay will discuss about the process and pitfalls of using an ERP system, the advantages and disadvantages of it and with these, it will conclude on the ERR system.What is an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System The Enterprise Resource Planning System or simply known as an ERP system, is primarily a professional application software that carries out standardized methods to streamline information among each and every division within an organization (Leonie, 2012). The ERP system coordinates information reliably all around whatever is left of the organization. ERP system incorporates a range of modules including financial, accounting, HARM, sales, distribution, manufacturing and logistics (Deer ret al, 2005).This range of modules each has its own System which often possessed compatibility issues with each other. This is when an ERP system comes in handy whereby it joins all this incompatible modules together so as to be able them to communicate, share and impart information effectively. With the ERP system establishing communication among these incompatible oodles, there will not be a need to stir information from diverse framework, doing additional computations or interface with the sales results from a few months back or handling flow.In conjunction with this framework, each person inside the organization would be able to retrieve the relevant information he/she require in order to perform their task effectively and efficiently. Table 1 below are some modules that use an ERR system (Leonie, 201 2): Table 1: Organizational Modules that utilizes ERP System Organizational Modules which Utilizes ERP System Account & Finance Sales & DistributionLogistics Human Resource Production Gen eral Ledger Accounts Payable & Receivable Fixed Asset Sales Queries (Inquires & Quotations) Sales Orders Delivery / Shipment Invoice / Billing Purchasing, Tracking & Sales Shipment of Inventory Items Tracking of Product Lots & Serial Numbers Tracking of Product Quality Test Results Warehouse Capacity Management personnel management Organizational management Payroll Time management Personnel development Tracking the change of unrefined materials into finished items Track Labor, Overhead and other amassing costs Stipulate the full cost of creationThe Process and Pitfalls of Switching to ERP system With the ERP system being setup correctly, the whole system will become very sophisticated, incorporating decreases in administration procedures; enhanced benefits; less demanding expenses; and performance that is more dependable. Below are some points on the process and pitfalls of switching to an ERP system (Suddenly, 2011 Reduces Unnecessary Paperwork: An ERP system reduces majority of th e paperwork, as all correspondence between departments are able to experience the same framework.Using a sales department and production department for illustration purposes, whenever the Sales Department input a sales order into the ERP system, the Production Department personnel would be notified of the sales requests within a very short period and they can begin processing the sales request and issues preparation requests to the production team. In the event that there is a need to, workers can get a printout Of the processed sales request.From the point where the Production Department began processing the sales request and eventually issuing the preparation request, no unnecessary paperwork were incurred but yet task could still be effectively performed in an efficient manner. Enhanced Productivity: Productivity will be enhanced if ERP system is applied correctly, as it will greatly improve on time and material usage. Intelligence and rules can also be programmed accordingly and applied. For example, similar production orders can be combined and produced concurrently, as this will allow more proficient utilization of staffs, machines, and resources.Easier Costs: Less demanding expenditure (imparted as a rate of the revenue earned) might be fulfilled with the usage of an ERP system. For instance in the event whereby suppliers have gotten a full collaboration, the ERP system makes it keel to execute the buying arrangement without a moment to spare. This can cut down the expenses of final product stock keeping and set free capital for other purposes. Solid Performance: ERR system can often provides businesses with flawless and efficient operations, however this useful advantage is often neglected as it could not be justified as a source of income to the organization.However, it is still important to note that this strong performance of ERR can provides organizations with flawless and efficient operation when information can be relayed to various departments i n a fast, little or no error manner, using the name example mentioned earlier for reducing unnecessary paperwork. With the process being discussed, the ERP framework also contains a few pitfalls and they would be discussed below. Incorrect Rationale for using an ERP: A generally committed error, particularly when ERP-like frameworks initially showed up, is the decision for ERP with the incorrect rationale.There had been numerous organizations who settled on ERP to massive clean-up on their chaotic operation methods, unfortunately this move practically ends up in a catastrophe. The old yet famous proverb suggested ‘garbage in – refuse UT' always stands and should never be forgotten by any organizations. To keep away from these traps, it is highly important for organizations to enhance their methodology with more sensible requirement before establishing an ERP system. Underestimating the Time: Often, companies are too engrossed in implementing the ERP system such that the y underestimated the time spent.Arrangement of the usage requires much unforeseen and excess work and time spent. Understatement of the obliged attempts could deliver extreme results. Underestimating the Cost: Quite often, certain ERP system provider gives a proposition that are easily understandable by clients, yet in reality this proposition may possessed unseen problems once the system finished development, that can result in significant clashes between the client and ERR system provider. Organizations must ensure that they had considered all expense segments and how specific situations may influence the system development cost.One of the common problem faced by organization is their failure to conduct feasibility study when deciding to have the ERP system or not. Failure to do feasibility study will lead to painful results at the end of the day whereby the real cost of eating up the ERP (e. G. Agreement, permit, upkeep, expenses of execution) could cost a lot more than the reven ue they could earn when the ERP is up and running. Incorrect ERP Selection A small or medium organization ought to abstain from purchasing an enormous framework, and rather actualities one that is more proper to their prerequisites and plan (with some room to develop).Another similar issue is picking the incorrect kind of ERP system – many varieties of ERP systems are readily available in the market, some that are task arranged Reps and some that are handling line situated Reps. It is important to verify the type of framework an organization pick that adjusts to the sort of business they operate. The Advantages & Disadvantages of using an ERP System Essentially, ERP system which is correctly outlined, properly setup and accurately completed ERP results could give huge profits to any organization regardless of their volume or development.The capacity to immediately run status reports with no physical information entrance in databases can give organizations significant data on business operations and consider all the more opportune responses to changing business situations. Farsighted corporations have started to take a gander at their professional frameworks as a very vital component of their general business speculation system and operate similar monetary measurements to professional programming that are highly utilized when procuring another plant or new gear.In the quick moving universe of business, a progressed, present day ERP framework is no more simply a key to business achievement, however a centre component of survival. If any organization experiences issues running reports continuously, or their workers spent unnecessary time inputting the same piece of information repeatedly into other frameworks, or vital business measurements that needs to be ascertained by hands on worksheets, this organization will definitely reap the benefits of when they have an advanced ERR business bundle (Leer-lie, 2012).However, on the other end some disadvantages of using an ERP system would be the huge cost, its long journey, its data length, and the time spent on implementing the programmer. The implementation process can take up to several months for the system to be full up and running. Complexity is also one of the factor that organization faces when it comes to implementing the yester. Overall, ERP frameworks do not really seem appropriate for Small or Medium-sized Enterprises, or simply known as Seems whereby they essentially have difficulty in defending the starting cost of their enterprise (LOL, 2011).Some other disadvantages of using an ERP system would be discussed below (LOL, 2011). Impacting on Business Processes: ERR structures are often an immediate progression to the processes or procedures of business organizations, and this often leads to entanglement rather than actualities. In order to ensure that each one some piece of the equines fits into the ERP structure, it is unrealistic that individual procedures and arrangements co uld be kept up, so the execution of an ERP structural engineering has a tendency to take the state of a much more extensive business change venture.This is all the time an iterative methodology. At the point when characterizing the extent of the ERP at an early stage, huge numbers of such contemplations are often remains unknown. ERR executions possessed the possibility of being viewed as tasks that â€Å"constrain† unwanted reforms on the business organizations' operation. Thus once the ERP usage is underway, the only solution for any change is to change business formats without preparing the whole system from scratch.ERP Systems that lacks Flexibility and Adaptability: ERP system building design gives itself well to build organizations that possessed characterized procedures and methods. With the ERP system being set up, the system would succeed for those organizations, yet for other organizations that wish to perform major fundamental reforms, the ERP system could turn out to be exceptionally rigid. Because of the path in which the structural engineering is situated up, even generally little changes might e immoderate and entangled to execute.Dynamic organizations, continually looking to roll out improvements in course would not be able to enjoy the profit brought about by having an ERP, as the ERP would never be synchronized with what the business actually does. Problems Created through Ongoing Supports: External vendors often uphold ERP frameworks. This can result in many issues created when these external vendors are required to adhere to administration level understandings, thus the time to react to abnormalities and the nature of essential help could not keep up with business requisites.Permitting and support charges could be incurred heavily into the already thriving expenses of the ERR system. The greatest fear of any organizations are the security of their confidential information held within the ERP, as the system are mostly maintained by ex ternal vendors, the organizations feel that they do not have ‘true' control of these confidential information. Risk of Efficiency being Dissolved by Businesses A compelling ERP depends on the correct type of business procedures to help and keep up with structural planning.For instances, Organizations that do not UT resources into further skills upgrading of staffs will never be able to see the profits through ERP execution. Whenever organizations are working in an extremely conservative way, these organizations can never truly understand and appreciates the ability of an ERP framework. Structural engineering relies heavily on an exceptionally incorporated plan of action and disappointment to impart information between offices will restrain viable living up to expectations. Fundamentally, to completely profit using ERP framework, the business will be required to be executed in a certain manner readily.A few organizations have acknowledged robust benefits from the usage of the E RP system, though majority of the people believes that the results did not advocate the start-up cost of the ERP. As these ERP systems are often very costly, organizations must think thoroughly of whether does this ERP truly benefit the business, and at the same time whether business really needs to have an ERP. Conclusion An ERP system may be an exceptionally important device for each undertaking in which centre methodology could be supported by programming.

Arms and the Boy Essays

Arms and the Boy Essays Arms and the Boy Paper Arms and the Boy Paper Owen uses Imagery, language and verse form to present the death and suffering of the soldiers. He uses these techniques in other poems, too, to create an effective, conspicuous theme. In, Dulcet et Decorum est., Owen, straight away, uses Imagery to convey his feelings about the soldiers. He describes the soldiers as if theyre like old beggars under sacks and coughing like hags. The implication of the exhaustion creates the image hat the soldiers look like ill tramps; they no longer look like robust, young men because the endurance of suffering has changed them health wise and In appearance. This Is different from the poem, Arms and the Boy, because the soldiers do not change in their health or looks, but in their innocence. Owen informs his audience that there lurk no claws behind his fingers supple, which suggests that the soldier Is not harmful and would never kill anyone If the choice was his. Unfortunately, the choice Is not his and he has to kill and fight; some of his innocence is lost forever. A significant amount of tribulations and sufferings are listed in, Dulcet et Decorum est., which creates a slow, heavy rhythm. Owen Informs his audience that the soldiers all went lame; all blind; drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots. This tired rhythm mirrors the soldiers and what they are feeling. Owen does this so that we can comprehend more effectively what the soldiers are going through Just by saying the poem out loud. The suffering Is also emphasizes because of how the sentence structure is formed. By listing the soldiers injuries and poor wellbeing, the effect is almost overwhelming because the audience has little time to take in all of the pain that the soldiers have to endure. This is different to the description of suffering in, Arms and the Boy, because Owen creates a calm tone, rather than a violent one. He does this by using the same verse form throughout the poem and uses a casual tone to convey his thoughts on war. In Dulcet et Decorum est., we know that Owens fellow soldiers have to live through this languishing life, but It is easy to forget that Owen himself suffers In a way that the others might not. Wilfred Owen had suffered from shell-shock in the war and a symptom of this is that he cannot escape from some helpless dreams; he talks about one dream he had where the dying man plunges at him guttering, choking, drowning. The diction creates a violent Image of a demented man who looks as If he is possessed just because of the frantic pain. Rather than thinking of himself as lucky that he was not the agonized man, Owen detests the fact that he was there, watching It, Ana NAS to level Walt It Slammer ascription Is uses In, Anthem Tort mea Youth, UT instead of the soldiers suffering, personification is used when the weapons are described as demented and wailing as if they are the ones being tortured and not the soldiers. The representation of death in, Dulcet et Decorum est., fits in well with the futility of war theme that Owen is trying to convey. Insignificance is implied through language when the soldiers flung the wretched man behind the wagon. The effect of this nugatory attitude illustrates to the audience that the death and suffering of the soldiers is forlorn and futile. A different attitude is implied in, Anthem for Doomed Youth. This is because it has much more of a holy theme throughout the poem, relating to a conventional and respectful funeral in contrast to the reality of dying a painful death. The representation of death in, Anthem for Doomed Youth constitutes a theme of disrespect and a mockery of religion. Towards the end of, Dulcet et Decorum est., Owen talks about eyes, referring to them as writhing in his face. This creates a sense of incapability to withstand this tormented pain and implies how much the soldier is actually suffering. An image is also created by Owens choice of words. This is completely different to the eyes mentioned in, Anthem for Doomed Youth, for they are illustrated as if there are soldiers spirits still living on by holy glimmers. There is a great contrast between the eyes mentions; one set are demented and are in fierce agony while others carry on friends spirits. To conclude, Owens use of various techniques effectively presents death and the suffering of soldiers as futile and harsh. The vile diction used creates violent images in, Dulcet et Decorum est.. Arms and the Boy and Anthem for Doomed Youth are not as effective in conveying Wilfred Owens feelings on death and suffering because they are not as graphic. The impure reality is Chorine Simpson Making Close reference to language, imagery and verse form, consider the ways in which death is presented in Dulcet et Decorum Est. Does Owen present the suffering of soldiers more or less effectively here than in other poems from the selection. Decorum est., Owen uses imagery, language and verse form to present the death and In, Dulcet et Decorum est., Owen, straight away, uses imagery to convey his feelings about the soldiers. He describes the soldiers as if theyre like old beggars under because the endurance of suffering has changed them health wise and in appearance. This is different from the poem, Arms and the Boy, because the soldiers ay not change In tenet Neal or looks, out In tenet Innocence. Owen Monitor Nils the soldier is not harmful and would never kill anyone if the choice was his. Unfortunately, the choice is not his and he has to kill and fight; some of his innocence which creates a slow, heavy rhythm. Owen informs his audience that the soldiers all poem out loud. The suffering is also emphasizes because of how the sentence his languishing life, but it is easy to forget that Owen himself suffers in a way that drowning. The diction creates a violent image of a demented man who looks as if he is possessed Just because of the frantic pain. Rather than thinking of himself as lucky it, and has to live with it. A similar description is used in, Anthem for Doomed Youth, also created Day Owens sconce AT words. I Nils Is completely Deterrent to ten eyes are not as graphic. The impure reality is shown in a more disgusting light in, Dulcet et Decorum est., which constitutes vivid images of powerful description.

Bipolar Illness and Creativity

Bipolar Illness and Creativity In his article, Albert Rothenberg (2001) focuses on the relationship between such variables as creativity and bipolar illness. Overall, I find this work very informing and thought-provoking. The author argues that bipolar disorder does not increase creative abilities of an individual (Rothenberg, 2001, p. 144). He demonstrates that there is little or no dependence between these variables.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bipolar Illness and Creativity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article can be very useful to therapists and patients. People should remember that bipolar disorder can be a very dangerous illness that is more likely to harm the creative capacity of an individual, rather than promote it. In my opinion, Albert Rothenberg provides very convincing and interesting examples in order to illustrate his viewpoint. On the whole, this article raises many questions that researchers and therapists should cons ider. First of all, the author believes that the connection between bipolar disorder and creativity may be very difficult to determine (Rothenberg, 2001, p. 131). Therefore, researchers should understand how the connection between these two phenomena can be best examined or measured. They have to choose the methods that ensure the validity of results; otherwise their studies may be of very little use. Secondly, Albert Rothenberg says that people, who are engaged in creative activities can be more vulnerable to mood disorders (2001, p. 132). Therefore, therapists should think of how they can best help such patients. Probably, there is an approach that works most effectively for such people. Finally, the author mentions various famous artists or writers like Van Gogh or Virginia Woolf (Rothenberg, 2001, p. 132). In many cases, their psychological problems were diagnosed on the basis of their diaries or other autobiographical records. The question arises whether such records can used f or the purposes of psychiatric diagnosis. One should determine the extent to which they are reliable. This article can have significant implications mostly for the field of psychology. Overall, this work can raise higher standards for psychologists who study the relationship between mood disorders and creativity or intelligence. As it has been said before, they have to develop more complex methods that can either prove or disprove the relation between bipolar illness and creative talents. The development of such methods can be a very challenging task. Secondly, people, who are not professional psychologists or psychiatrists, will have to be more aware of about the dangers of mood disorders. The author eloquently illustrates the point that psychological disorders can and should be treated.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is no reason to associate creativity or im proved performance with mood disorders. Such an approach is hardly permissible from ethical and scientific standpoints. Patients should reject the stereotype according to which bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are conducive to intelligence or creativity. On the whole, patients should be encouraged to seek treatment even if they do not want to. First of all, therapists should explain patient’s creative skills have nothing to with bipolar disorder or illness. Secondly, without treatment their emotional state can only deteriorate. In their long term, their career and relations with other people can be threatened (Rybakowski, Klonowska, PatrzaÅ‚a, 2008, p. 37). These are the main reasons that counselors should give when talking to people who may have bipolar illness or other diseases. Certainly, it is unethical for force such people into treatment, but therapists should at least peoples’ awareness about the dangers to which they are exposed. Reference List Rothenberg , A. (2001). Bipolar Illness, Creativity, and Treatment. Psychiatric  Quarterly, 72(2), 131-147. Rybakowski, J., Klonowska, P., PatrzaÅ‚a, A. (2008). Psychopathology and creativity. Archives Of Psychiatry Psychotherapy, 10(1), 37-47.

Cambio Numero Seguro Social fraudulento por verdadero

Cambio Numero Seguro Social fraudulento por verdadero Cuando un inmigrante indocumentado trabaja en Estados Unidos utilizando un nà ºmero del Seguro Social falso o que es verdadero pero pertenece a otra persona surge un problema en los casos en los que puede obtener un nà ºmero verdadero a su nombre. Ejemplos en los que se puede obtener un SS verdadero despuà ©s de haber utilizado uno falso Los casos de la Accià ³n Diferida para muchachos y muchachas que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os (DACA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s).Este caso tambià ©n se darà ­a si el USCIS comenzase a aceptar aplicaciones para el programa que se conoce como DAPA, para padres y madres de ciudadanos americanos o residentes permanentes legales. Por ahora, no aplica.Asimismo, puede darse en casos de inmigrantes indocumentados que pueden encontrar un camino hacia su legalizacià ³n. Cà ³mo est el USCIS tratando este tema En los casos de DACA, el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) ha optado por pedir que NO se enumere en la documentacià ³n de aplicacià ³n de utilizacià ³n de nà ºmeros del Seguro Social fraudulentos por falsos, robados o por ser totalmente inventados. Y ha concedido la aprobacià ³n del permiso de trabajo (EAD, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Y una vez que se tiene este permiso, ya es posible solicitar una tarjeta del Seguro Social autà ©ntica. Hay que resaltar que para DACA hay que listar sà ³lo el nà ºmero del seguro social que se haya emitido legalmente a nombre del aplicante (por ejemplo, si tuvo un permiso de trabajo y ahora ha expirado o era uno que nunca autorizà ³ a trabajar). Es razonable pensar que se van a seguir las mismas pautas cuando empiece a procesar las peticiones por DAPA. Si bien hay que tener siempre muy presente que sigue estando prohibido utilizar un nà ºmero del Seguro Social falso, inventado o que pertenece a otra persona y que si se descubre puede dar lugar a que las autoridades inicien un procedimiento que puede acabar con una multa, prisià ³n, deportacià ³n o que se denieguen beneficios migratorios. En los casos de indocumentados que creen que se pueden legalizar mediante, por ejemplo, un ajuste de estatus, asesorarse con un abogado ANTES de enviar los papeles al USCIS. Trabajar con el nà ºmero del Seguro Social verdadero y de uno Si se ha tenido un nà ºmero falso pero nunca se ha trabajado con à ©l, buscar un trabajo y utilizar sà ³lo el verdadero.   Si se ha trabajado con un nà ºmero fraudulento hay tres posibles escenarios Dejar el trabajo y buscar uno nuevo y comenzar a utilizar el SS#: esta es la mejor opcià ³n.Comunicrselo al empleador, ya que à ©ste sabà ­a la situacià ³n de que se era indocumentado y los documentos para trabajar eran falsos. Comenzar a trabajar con el nuevo nà ºmero. Esto significa que se deben respetar los salarios mà ­nimos y que hay que pagar todos los impuestos fijados por la ley, tanto el trabajador como el empleador. Antes de hablar con el patrono conviene asesorarse bien con un abogado y tener en cuenta que es posible que la empresa no està © dispuesta al cambio.Comunicrselo al empleador, que no sabà ­a nada de la situacià ³n. Antes de hacer eso hay que asesorarse con un abogado y considerar todas las posibles cosas que pueden ocurrir, entre otras: Despido al momentoQue le digan que lo mejor es irseQue se avise a las autoridades por haber utilizado documentos fraudulentos Quà © no se puede hacer Nunca jams presentarse delante del patrono y decirle que la Seguridad Social te ha dado un nuevo nà ºmero en sustitucià ³n del viejo. Eso es imposible. Cada persona sà ³lo puede tener un mismo nà ºmero a lo largo de toda su vida. No cambia. Si se dice semejante cosa el patrono se da cuenta de que es una mentira y de que posiblemente hay un fraude, y puede denunciarlo. A tener en cuenta Todo lo anterior no es consejo legal para ningà ºn caso concreto. Los temas de utilizacià ³n de documentos falsos o inventados o de otra persona son muy delicados y pueden tener consecuencias extremadamente serias. Lo mejor es asesorarse con un abogado de inmigracià ³n y no comentar con nadie de dà ³nde uno ha sacado su nà ºmero del Seguro Social.

Management of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management of Change - Essay Example However, several environmental changes such as global climate change and demographic changes pose greater risks to the effectiveness of Victoria State Emergency Service. There is an increasing shortage of volunteers. Increased demand for work, increasing costs of labor and diversification of the emergency management services. Victoria State Emergency Service will have to undergo change in order to attain comprehensive, coordinated and integrated emergency management capabilities. The agency must use innovative, professional and progressive approach to emergency management by ensuring high preparedness and excellent disaster mitigation services especially in the response and recovery cycle. The critical factors that have triggered change at the agency include the external environment that requires a change in the mission, leadership, operational strategies and culture of the emergency management agency. The current scenario at the organization has the likelihood of causing a decline i n overall performance, poor emergency services and conflict in the organization. Burke-Litwin Model of organizational performance and change can be used in diagnosing the need for change and making essential recommendations for the change at Victoria State Emergency Service. The model contains 12 organizational dimensions that determine how the performance of an organization is influence by the external and internal factors. The 12 dimensions include the external environment, mission and strategy, leadership, organizational culture, structure, systems, management practices, work unit climate, tasks and individual skills, individuals’ needs and values, motivation and finally individual and overall organizational performance (Burke, 2008). Some external drivers of change in the external environment include the changes in demography, technological changes, economic changes and climate change. Apart from the vision,

The Ginge Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Ginge Industry - Essay Example The demand for space has driven exploration and globalization. Its value has not just been recognized economically but also socially as an element of culture and scientifically for its potential in pharmacology and medicine. Considering the Europe naval race for the Asian spice islands which laid the foundation for imperialism in the 14th and 15th century, there is no doubt that it is an industry of world importance. One of the spices that have figured well in the spice trade is ginger, a spice that seems inconsequential today but was once considered as an indication of class and culture (Hutton & Cassio 2003). Estimates of the global spice industry have been generally positive, growing by about 5% since 1998 (Food and Agricultural Organization [FAO] 2005). The industry is dominated by India followed by Indonesia and China, which is exhibiting the most significant growth in recent years (see Appendix A). Spice production in Thailand from 1998 to 2001 list garlic, ginger, hot pepper, chili pepper, shallot, clove and pepper as key products (â€Å"Ginger† 2003). In previous years, there has been a focus on peppers because of rising in world prices. However, subsequent declines in global indices have also been credited for the deceleration of the industry. Appendix A also documents the 2001 standing of the Thai spice industry worldwide. Based on estimates done by the Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MAC), it estimates the value of the industry to US$19.36 million in 2001 (FAO 2005). As seen in Appendix B, pepper cultivation represents the bulk of spice production in country. Thus, though there has been decline in the price of the commodity, the size of its market supports its role as primary spice commodity for the country. The bulk of revenues from the trade of spices are supported significant domestic consumption but the main motivation for players in the Thai spice industry is to supply international demand. As seen in Appendix C, Thai spice exports make up the majority of total production. Ginger Cultivation and Trade China holds market leadership in the ginger category, 25% of the total world production, eclipsing spice trade leader India ("Ginger", 2003). However, though China ranks as the world's leader in production, export of ginger has been dominated by Japan. This is because much of China's production has been directed to its domestic markets (FAO 2005). Cultivation of ginger was

Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Questions - Essay Example They all proposed that the society nature, whatsoever its derivations, was a contractual understanding between its affiliates. The present concept of sovereignty is frequently tracked down back to Westphalia Peace in the year 1648. In relation to states, it codified the necessary principles, including integrity of territories, inviolability of borders, state supremacy, and the notion that a sovereign is the superlative legislator of power within its jurisdiction (Agnew, 2009). The war that lasted thirty years was put to a stop by the Westphalia Peace which was acknowledged as the peace of exhaustion by generations. The war did influence the signing of numerous treaties commonly connected by the reality that they did put to an end the thirty years war. The war resulted in the enforcement of negotiations in abridging the differences between states that had surfaced due to the war. Deliberations did happen among the countries that were involved in the thirty years war (Agnew, 2009). Pea ce was the significant outcome that was achieved in the long run by the numerous negotiations that were carried out. Power was stripped off from Ferdinand III and consequently taken back to the imperial states rulers. At the end of the World War I, the U.S. foreign policy was fundamentally isolationist. The U.S became cautious of entering the League of Nations, a concept that had been championed by the U.S President. U.S utmost concern of joining the League was that the affiliates would entrust America and probably it troops to conflicts in the European region. The World War I was among the numerous wars that had occurred in the europ0ean region. The U.S also had an economic policy of barriers of trade (Kagan, 2008) The U.S committed to defending infant industries by means of trade constraints and tariffs. A major impact on the foreign policy of the U.S was that it closed its doors to the rest of the world. Germany developed a foreign policy with

Self-Defense Is Not Just A Physical Technique Essay

Self-Defense Is Not Just A Physical Technique - Essay Example Self-defense lessons also offer women an unusual chance to discover the wide range of sentiments that frequently happen when we begin to recognize the altitude of aggression in our culture. It is an outstanding vehicle for discovering annoyance, sorrow, and terror, and for patter into the delight that arrives from finding your tone and determines your personal inner supremacy. As the law of self-defense has evolved, it has become recognition of our right to defend ourselves with lethal force when we reasonably believe we are confronted with an imminent threat, which threat we did not create and from which we cannot retreat with safety. Under those circumstances, the law is ready to justify, as self-defense, conduct that otherwise would be considered criminal (Women Self Defense, Online). Traditionally, self-defense has been defined as "the act of defending one's person when physically attacked, as by countering blows or overcoming an assailant" (Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1989). This definition, if strictly followed, would narrow the scope of instructional content to contain only the psychomotor learning domain. Holistic physical education instructional units must additionally account for the cognitive and affective learning spheres. Therefore, a conservatively modern understanding of self-defense must be adopted-- a task that can prove challenging due to the diversity of self-defense curricula (Mencken, Pg 113-114). Self-defense is only designed to be used defensively, never as an offensive weapon. Beyond that, if there are other means of protection available, the law directs us to use those rather than choosing to defend with deadly force. There are numerous institutes where teachings of self-defense are given. Some are specially meant for the courses given particularly for women, they may include some as follows: Home Safety Precautions Internet Safety Precautions Dating Safety Precautions Parking Lot Safety Precautions Walking Home from School Safety Precautions Outdoor Exercise Safety Precautions Socializing Precautions Sexuality Concepts Bystander Effect Drugs/Alcohol/Date-Rape Drugs Trusting Your Intuition Awareness of Physical Surroundings Statistics on Violence/Crime Trusting Strangers Dog Attacks (Jacobs and Ogle, Pg 13-14) Elements Of Self-Defense Self-defense is planned to operate as a shield, not a sword. For that reason, rules have developed historically requiring a showing that the person claiming to have employed self-defense was not acting as the aggressor but was, instead, defending next to imminent attack. It is virtually indisputable that as a general rule one should not be allowed exoneration by striking out preemptively, claiming that a future attack would have occurred had it not been thwarted. But battered women cases force us to reexamine the rules that have grown up to support the principle that self-defense is only defensive in that strict temporal sense. (Jacobs and Ogle, Pg 99) State Of Mind In my view, frame of mind and psychological approach is the supreme component of any personal Target Hardening policy. One has to make a decision at the instant that one is the marauder; that someone is the conqueror.

Olde good thing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Olde good thing - Essay Example However, the extreme contrast of the peaceful Emma’s voice and the third world neighborhood surroundings created melancholy emotion. Similar to the title of the song I was listening to, once upon a time, the town had its Renaissance period; Things like street lights and big buildings were old, but they didn’t look cheap. I could not find the antique shop I was looking for, so I made a couple of detours, and I finally found it. However, since there was no parking lot, I had to go to public parking across the street. Then, I had to walk a hundred yards to get to the shop. Walking a street like that was truly fearful in Detroit even in daytime, but there was something that told me it was okay to take a walk with an expensive camera on my neck. Anyway, my instinct made me keep looking at my back as an African meerkat. There were a few homeless people with grocery carts, but no hazardous elements. The building I was walking to was a simple rectangular shape with antique detailed ornaments around its windows. I guess it was once a fancy condominium. A fenced vacant lot in front of the building made the hood seem even more desolate. One corner of the building wall was filled with ugly graffiti. The building was combined with two different buildings connected together; the big one was white-painted brick building, and the smaller one was a red brick building. The red one had faded soot around its windows. I thought there had been a serious fire long ago. There were many traffic signs around the building with scribbled notes on some of them. Above the main entrance, it said, ‘Architectural Treasure’ in black paint on white background. Next to the main entrance, an eerie clown face about five feet tall was laughing at me. As tall as the scary face, a big yellow pencil that had red eraser on the other side diagonally stood next to the clown. The store was based on a foundation of

Wheelchair regulation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wheelchair regulation - Coursework Example The manual wheelchairs rely on the attendant so that the can move and they do not use electricity. The other two classes are powered by electricity. Class two of invalid carriages consist of mobility scooters and powered wheelchairs that are designed to be used on pavements with a maximum speed limit of 6 km/h (8 mph). Class three powered wheelchairs and mobility scooters of invalid have a maximum speed limit of (12 km/h) and their purpose is for the use of road only. It is important to note that they are also equipped with a facility designed to travel on pavement or footpath at a speed of 6 km/h (4 mph). The law  states that theClass three vehicles may only be used by a disabled person who is aged 14 years and above. The other two classes, Class one and Class 2, however, may be used by a non-disabled person who is demonstrating the vehicle for sale or a disabled person. Clause 37 states that when the vehicle users is have a duty to adhere to the direction or rules of other vehicl es when they are on operation on the road. It also adds that the vehicle users on the pavements should follow the guidance and rule of the pedestrians. The second section concentrates of the usage of mobility scooters and powered wheelchairs on the pavements (38 to 40). Clause 38 explains how vehicle users should treat the other pavement users and pedestrians and especially those that have a visual or hearing impairment. It insists on the use of pavements rather than roads for safety purposes of the vehicle users. In a nut-sell, the rule aims at protecting both the users and non-users of the vehicles. Clause 39 points out the need for users of powered vehicles and scooters to use speeds not exceeding four mph (6 km/h) on footpaths and pedestrian areas. It also highlights that the user may be required to adjust to the other pavement users in case the path is not wide enough or if the pavement

Olde good thing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Olde good thing - Essay Example However, the extreme contrast of the peaceful Emma’s voice and the third world neighborhood surroundings created melancholy emotion. Similar to the title of the song I was listening to, once upon a time, the town had its Renaissance period; Things like street lights and big buildings were old, but they didn’t look cheap. I could not find the antique shop I was looking for, so I made a couple of detours, and I finally found it. However, since there was no parking lot, I had to go to public parking across the street. Then, I had to walk a hundred yards to get to the shop. Walking a street like that was truly fearful in Detroit even in daytime, but there was something that told me it was okay to take a walk with an expensive camera on my neck. Anyway, my instinct made me keep looking at my back as an African meerkat. There were a few homeless people with grocery carts, but no hazardous elements. The building I was walking to was a simple rectangular shape with antique detailed ornaments around its windows. I guess it was once a fancy condominium. A fenced vacant lot in front of the building made the hood seem even more desolate. One corner of the building wall was filled with ugly graffiti. The building was combined with two different buildings connected together; the big one was white-painted brick building, and the smaller one was a red brick building. The red one had faded soot around its windows. I thought there had been a serious fire long ago. There were many traffic signs around the building with scribbled notes on some of them. Above the main entrance, it said, ‘Architectural Treasure’ in black paint on white background. Next to the main entrance, an eerie clown face about five feet tall was laughing at me. As tall as the scary face, a big yellow pencil that had red eraser on the other side diagonally stood next to the clown. The store was based on a foundation of

Womens Day Essay Example for Free

Womens Day Essay Have you ever given a thought that why is the International Women Day Celebrated for? No? No problem. Carry on reading as it’s going to get interested ahead. Do you know when the first International Women Day came into existence? Just 101 years before. You must be thinking why is that? So listen the women did not had the same right as nowadays. They were majorly being a victim of violence, they were the main victim of poverty and lack of education, and they had no rights at all, not even a right to vote can you imagine that? The women were considered as a minority in every aspect of life than men. Don’t you think that was wrong? You’re 100% correct. These thoughts became the main reason for Women to fight for their rights when they worked as team to battle for their journey towards equality between both genders. Where did I go on International Women Day? 8th March is the official date to celebrate this interesting day all around different nations so how come you can even imagine me sitting home and watching t.v. As a young Women myself I attended an inspiring seminar on 8th March 2013 (International Women’s Day) at Olswang, London. The building was really a beautiful piece of art though they didn’t allow us to take a photo inside (Bad luck). We were given an ID badge as security purposes and we followed staff towards the meeting room with seated brilliant and successful women who looked superb as well and not to forget few men were seated there as well. Until now you may be thinking now it’s going to be boring right? Not really! What was exciting about the day? It wasn’t really a meeting or a lecture. We started with a mouth-watering variety of snacks and drinks and sat on our assigned seats with other college and school students. To give a side kick to the formality among the group members they assigned each table with a challenge of building the highest tower with the marshmallows and the bamboo sticks. My team mates started with bursting energy by pouring drink on the table. We didn’t won but had fun in it. The Guest speakers that came there were all very talented and they shared their golden experience of life and the hard works that they went though to become successful but the good thing is that they all were very happy and satisfied in their lives. They all belong to different fields i.e. police, doctor, media, recruitment sector, banking and much more. There words and the way they presented it was very motivational and it gave me a power to go beyond the limits, touch the sky and make the best of both world. That’s how this beautiful day ended up with some open chat with each other on a cuppa and cookies. We also got goodie bags specially selected for Women. Always Remember in Mind: There isn’t any minority or majority as in gender if you don’t agree then sorry to say but you need to fix those lose screws pal. There isn’t anything that the Women can’t do. You just have to learn to find your inner potential and need to trust in yourself because you are the world for yourself.

Strategies to Avoid Harm as a Psychologist

Strategies to Avoid Harm as a Psychologist Steps to Avoid Harm Tiffany Stewart Throughout this paper, there will be two hypothetical situations that will be discussed on how a psychologist can avoid harm. There are seven steps that will be used to try and avoid as much harm as possible when working with patients. The first hypothetical situation, Larry lost his feet to frostbite during a winter on the streets. He is refusing prosthetics because he is convinced that he will soon have his feet restored because he has the power to grow them back very slowly. The doctor has asked your help in getting this client to accept prosthetics. The second hypothetical situation is you are hired as an industrial/organizational psychologist to a new company with limited startup funds. The company wants you to handle all the employment testing for pre-screening potential employees. The test it wants you to use is free and has good face validity, but there is no documented evidence the test results can be validly applied to the demands of the job. The first step is to â€Å"clarify course requirements and establishing a timely and specific process for providing feedback to students† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). In the first situation, it is important that the psychologist informs Larry about prosthetics. He or she can also answer questions that Larry might have before the any decisions are made. In the second situation the psychologist should talk to the company about how the employment testing cannot be validly applied to the demands of the job. This will allow the company to ask questions about what would be a good test to use. The second step is â€Å"selecting and using valid and reliable assessment techniques appropriate to the nature of the problem and characteristics of the testee to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate services† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). The doctor believes that Larry should get prosthetics, but this is one opinion that might be biased. The psychologist should work with Larry to see if this treatment will benefit him. This is why it is important to fully understand what is going on with the patient before any techniques are used. In the second situation the psychologist can work with the company on what would be a test for hiring employees for that particular job. The psychologist needs to make sure the tests are not biased and will be valid for anyone interested in the job. The third step is â€Å"when appropriate, providing information beforehand to employees and others who may be directly affected by a psychologist’s services to an organization† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). In the first situation, the doctor was the one who thought it would be best for the psychologist to work with the Larry. It is important that the psychologist explains that there is no guarantee that this technique will be right for Larry and that working in sessions with the patient is required before any decisions are made. The psychologist also needs to inform the doctor of confidentiality. The information he provides to the psychologist will need to be kept confidential unless harm is done to himself or others, or if prosthetics is the right treatment to use. The psychologist in the second situation would need to prepare a document once a test was found. This document would include the interviews of the individuals applying for the job. The psychologist also needs to make sure that no one in the company would have access to the information of the individuals applying to the company. After the document was completed, it would be important that the psychologist sends the information to the person in charge of the process in a confidential manner. Fisher (2013) states the fourth step is â€Å"acquiring adequate knowledge of relevant judicial or administrative rules prior to performing forensic roles to avoid violating the legal rights of individuals involved in litigation† (p. 97). The psychologist in the first situation needs to be familiar with the hospital or doctor office policies before helping patients and laws that fall under helping patients in a medical setting. It is also important that the psychologist has the best interests for Larry. In the second situation, the psychologist needs to be familiar with the company’s policies and laws that fall under working in a business setting. The fifth step is â€Å"taking steps to minimize harm when, during debriefing, a psychologist becomes aware of participant distress created by the research procedure† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). In the first situation if Larry decides to have prosthetics and the psychologist agrees that the technique is a good fit, there might be stress to learning how to walk with the artificial feet. The psychologist might continue therapy with Larry since he or she has been through the process before getting the prosthetics. The second situation would deal with the individuals that are taking the test for the company to see if they would be a good fit for the job. Counseling might be needed for the individuals that do not get the job. The psychologist can recommend another psychologist that can work with the individuals who might be having a hard time in knowing they did not get hired. The sixth step is â€Å"becoming familiar with local social service, medical, and legal resources for clients/patients and third parties who will be affected if a psychologist is ethically or legally compelled to report child abuse, suicide risk, elder abuse, or intent to do physical harm to another individual† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). In the first situation, before the psychologist would start counseling with Larry, the psychologist would have had him read over a consent form. The consent form would include that their sessions would be confidential unless harm would take place to himself or to others. In the second situation, the psychologist would include a consent form to give information about the test the individuals would be taking. It will also include that if any harm occurs in the process, the company as well as other services will be informed. The last step is â€Å"monitoring patient’s physiological status when prescribing medications (with legal prescribing authority), particularly when there is a physical condition that might complicate the response to psychotropic medication or predispose a patient to experience an adverse reaction† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). In the first situation, Larry might be prescribed medication from the doctor after getting the prosthetics. During the sessions between the psychologist and Larry, the psychologist can monitor him to make sure there are no complications. If he starts acting differently or has an adverse reaction, the psychologist needs to inform the doctor as well as the hospital about how the medication is affecting the patient. In the second situation, the only way medication would be prescribed is if the individual that did not get the job was seeing a psychiatrist. Psychologists do not prescribe medication. The two situations followed the seven steps to avoid harm. Not all harm can be completely avoided, but following these steps will help the psychologist in any situation to make sure they can avoid serious consequences that can occur. References: Fisher, C. B. (2013). Decoding the ethics code: A practical guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Free College Essays - Self-discovery in Shes Come Undone by Wally Lamb :: Shes Come Undone

She's Come Undone: Self-discovery  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout She's Come Undone, Wally Lamb emphasizes the importance of self-discovery to one's life. Dolores has several epiphanies throughout the course of the novel, including her realization that all of her failed relationships are not solely her fault. She learns she is worth loving and is capable of surviving on her own. With each discovery about herself, Dolores learns to love herself a little more and blame herself a little less. Dolores' first realization is a sub-conscious one. Right before she tries to commit suicide she telephones her mother's childhood friend Geneva (Lamb 249). This is a cry for help and is her first step towards recovery. Dolores' next discovery comes after a long period of therapy, paid for by Geneva. Dolores' therapist, Dr. Shaw, attempts to rewrite her childhood from the time she was in the womb on. He takes on the role of her mother (268). As her negative childhood memories are replaced by positive ones, Dolores gains a new sense of self-esteem and confidence. She loses all of her extra weight (269). Dolores funnels her energy into creative pursuits like Etch-A-Sketching rather than self-destructive behavior. Eventually she is able to leave Dr. Shaw's care and go into the real world to provide for herself (283). Perhaps Dolores leaves the care of Dr. Shaw too soon. Shortly after getting her own apartment she begins dating Dante. Ashamed of her past, she creates a fictional life story for herself. She lives a lie the whole time she is living with Dante. She writes to her grandmother and falsely describes her marriage. When she catches Dante sleeping with one of his students, she finally wakes up. She realizes that no man is worth the pain of losing her identity, and she also realizes that her identity cannot be defined by the man she is with. After her grandmother's death she finally reveals her true self to Dante. In frustration and anger she tells him all of the events of her past, from her weight problems to her rape to her time spent in a mental institution. She feels completely free for the first time. Dolores' final stage of self-discovery comes with her relationship with Thayer. She realizes that he is what she has truly wanted for her entire life. It is the first time she has found luck and happiness in love.

Jane Eyre as Feminist Role Model for all Women Essay -- Feminism Femin

Jane Eyre as Feminist Role Model for all Women      Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1837 critic Robert Southey wrote to Charlotte Bronte, "Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life, and it ought not to be.   The more she is engaged in her proper duties, the less leisure will she have for it, even as an accomplishment and a recreation," (Gaskell 102).   This opinion was not held by only one person, but by many.   Indeed, it is this attitude, one that debases women and their abilities, to which Charlotte Bronte responds with Jane Eyre.   The purpose of Jane Eyre, not only the novel, but also the character herself as a cultural heroine, is to transform a primeval society, one which devalues women and their contributions, into a nobler order of civilization   (Craig 57).   The effectiveness of Bronte's argument is due to both her motivation and approach.   Bronte found her motivation from the experiences she had undergone while living in the Victorian era. Her approach in advocating social reform is to establish Jane as a model for readers.   Readers are meant to examine Jane's life, especially the manner in which she handles problems or confrontations in her relationships, and to follow her example in their own lives.   Just as we see Jane as a model of a woman successful in asserting her self-worth, we are also given a warning about the possible outcome of failure to realize self-worth in Bertha Rochester.   This facet will also be discussed briefly.   Bronte uses the motivation of personal experiences to create the life of Jane Eyre in which we see the quest for social betterment through her relationships.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bronte herself experienced the social ... ...ler civilization that realizes the worth of women. Bibliography Bronte, Charlotte.   Jane Eyre.   New York: Penguin Group,1982 Craig, G. Armour.   "The Unpoetic Compromise: On the Relationship Between Private Vision and Social Order in the Nineteenth- Century English Fiction."   Nineteenth Century Literary Criticism.   Ed.   L. Harris and E. Tennyson.   Michigan: Gale Research Co., 1985. 61-62 Gaskell, E.   The Life of Charlotte Bronte.   England: E.P. Dutton, Inc., 1975 London, Bette.   "The Pleasure of Submission: Jane Eyre and the Production of the Text."   "ELH."   Spring 1991.   195-213 Schact, Paul.   "Jane Eyre and the History of Self-Respect." "Modern Language Quarterly."   Dec 1991.   423-53 Sienkewicz, Anne W.   "Jane Eyre   An Autobiography." Masterplots II.   Ed. Frank Magill.   California: Salem Press, 1991.   745-748

Neoclassical Literature Essay

The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished In France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules. They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to â€Å"eternal truth,† â€Å"eternal justice† and â€Å"natural equality. † The belief provided theory for the French Revolution of 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776. At the same time, the enlighteners advocated universal education. They believed that human being were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education. If the masses were well educated, they thought, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided b its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented. John Bunyan Like most working men at the time, Bunyan had a deep hatred for the corrupted, hypocritical rich who accumulated their wealth â€Å"by hook and b crook. † As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle. It was during his second term in prison that he wrote The Pilgrim’s Progress, which was published in 1678 after his release. Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of the English Bible. With his concrete and living language and carefully observed and vividly presented details, he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters. Bunyan’s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666), The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680), The Holy War (1682) and The Pilgrim’s Progress, Part II (1684) As Milton was the chief Puritan poet, so Bunyan was the chief Puritan writer of Prose. Bunyan was born in a tinker’s family, and he himself was a tinker. He did not have much education and at sixteen he joined the parliamentary army and then became a preacher. Like Milton he was put into prison in the period of the Restoration, but remained there much longer. He might have written his work The Pilgrim’s Progress in prison although it was published in prison although it was published in 1678 after his release. The Pilgrim’s Progress is written in the old fashioned medieval form of allegory and drama. The book opens with the author’s dream in which he sees a man â€Å"with a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back†. The man is Christian the Pilgrim, the book is the Bible, and the burden on his back is the weight of worldly cares and concerns. It tells how Christian starts his pilgrimage from his home to the kingdom of Heaven, and of his experiences and adventures on his journey. In the western world the book has usually been read and appreciated as religious allegory, though critics have noted that the many allegorical figures and places Christian meets on the way are such as might have been seen in Bunyan’s day on any English market road and that the landscape and houses in the story seem to be no other than those of Restoration England. It gives a real picture of how life was during the 17th century. It is a faithful panoramic reflection of Bunyan’s age. The book’s most significant aspect is its satire, the description of the Vanity Fair. Here Bunyan gives a symbolic picture of London at the time. in bourgeois society, all things are bought and sold, including honour, title, kingdom, lusts; there cheating, roguery, murder, and adultery prevail. The punishment of Christian and Faithful for disdaining things in the Vanity Fair may have its significance in alluding to Bunyan’s repeated arrests and imprisonment for preaching. After all, like Milton, Bunyan in his book is preaching his religious views. He satirizes his society which is full of vices that violate the teachings of the Christian religion. However, his Puritanism weakens the effect of his social satire by exhorting his readers to endure poverty with patience in order to seek the â€Å"Celestial City†. Besides, the use of allegory in most of his works makes his satirical pictures less direct and more difficult to see. His books are more often read as religious books than as piercing exposures of social evils. Bynyan is known for his simple and lively prose style. Everyday idiomatic expressions and biblical language enables him to narrate his story and reveal his ideas directly and in a straightforward way. The influence of his prose in the development of the English language is great, on account of the great popularity of the book. Selected Reading: â€Å"The Vanity Fair,† an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim’s Progress The story starts with a dream in which the author sees Christian the Pilgrim, with a heavy burden on his back, reading the Bible. When he learns from the book that the city in which he and his family live shall be burnt down in a fire, Christian tries to convince his family and his neighbours of the oncoming disaster and asks them to go with him in search of salvation, but most of them simply ignore him. So he starts off with a friend, Pliable. Pliable turns back after they stumble into a pit, the Slough of Despond. Christian struggles on by himself. Then he is misled by Mr. Worldly Wiseman and is brought back onto the right road by Mr. Evangelist. There he joins Faithful, a neighbor who has set out later but has made better progress. The two go on together through many adventures, including the great struggle with Apollyon, who claims them to be his subjects and refuses to accept their allegiance to God. After many other adventures they come to the Vanity Fair where both are arrested as alien agitators. They are tried and Faithful is condemned to death. Christian, however, manages to escape and goes on his way, assisted by a new friend, hopeful. Tired of the hard journey, they are tempted to take a pleasant path and are then captured by Giant Despair. Finally they get away and reach the Celestial City, where they enjoy eternal life in the fellowship of the blessed. The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor—life as a journey—is simple and familiar. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scenes presented are typical English ones, but throughout the allegory a spiritual significance is added to the commonplace details. Here the strange is combined with the familiar and the trivial joined to the divine, and, at the same time, everything is based on universal experiences. Besides, a rich imagination and a natural talent for storytelling also contribute to the success of the work which is at once entertaining and morally instructive. The meaning of â€Å"Vanity Fair†, and its reflection of the theme of the allegory of â€Å"The Pilgrim’s Progress† The â€Å"Vanity Fair† symbolizes human world, for â€Å"all that cometh is vanity. † Everything and anything in this world is â€Å"vanity†, having no value and no meaning. The Vanity Fair, a â€Å"market selling nothingness† of all sorts, is a dirty place originally built up by devils, but, this town â€Å"lay† in the way to the Celestial City, meaning pilgrims had to resist the temptations there when they made their way through. So, the depiction of the â€Å"Fair† in selling things worldly and in attracting people bad, represents John Bunyan’s rejection of the worldly seeking and pious longing for the pure and charming â€Å"Celestial City†, his Christian ideal. Alexander Pope (1688-1744) Pope was a London draper’s son. His parents were Roman Catholics, and Pope kept this faith all his life in spite of the hostility of the public in the 18th century toward his religion. At the age of 12, a disease left him a hunchback of less than 5 feet tall. Because of his religion he was denied entrance to Oxford and Cambridge Universities and his deformity often made him the victim of contempt. His early unhappy experiences, in fact, was responsible for his strong reaction to criticism. Pope was self-educated. He worked hard against poor health and unfavourable condition and gained a profound knowledge of both the classics and the craft of writing. The 18th century was an age in which writers had to obey many strict literary rules. But Pope mastered them very thoroughly and used them better and in a more skillful way than most of his contemporaries. He lived an active social life and was close friend to such eminent literary figures as the essayist Joseph Addison and the satirist Jonathan Swift. But he also made many enemies through ridiculing people in his writings. The most popular of his poems is, perhaps, An Essay on criticism, which contains a great number of quotable lines that have passed into everyday speech as popular sayings, such as: â€Å"To err is human, to forgive divine†, and â€Å"For fools rush in where angels fear to tread. † However, as a piece of literary theory, it lacks original ideas. Its significance comes from its assertion that literary criticism is an art form and should function actively like a living organism. The Rape of the Lock is a brilliant satire written in the form of a mock-heroic poem. It offers a typical example of the 18th-century classical style, and a satirical view as well of the tastes, manners, and morals of the fashionable world in Queen Anne’s reign. In fact, Pope not only ridicules a trivial incident that sparks a serious feud, but also mocks the highflown style and language of epic poetry itself. The Dunciad, meaning the study of the dunces, launches attacks on everyone who had ever criticized or insulted him, many of whom are totally unknown to the readers of today The theme and style of A. Pope’s â€Å"An Essay on Criticism† The poem is a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism. The poet first laments the loss of true taste in poetic criticism of his day and calls on people to take classical writers as their models. Then he discusses various problems in literary criticism and offers his own ideas and presents the classical rules. At the end of the poem, he traces the history of literary criticism from Aristotle to his day. The poem is a typical didactic one. Written in the form of heroic couplets, it is plain in style, and it is easy to read. Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe is based on a real incident. In 1704, Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, was thrown onto a desolate island by the mutinous crew of his ship. He lived there alone for 5 years. Defoe read about his adventures in a newspaper and went to interview him to get first-hand information. He then embellished the sailor’s tale with many incidents out of his own imagination. Robinson Crusoe has the appearance of a picaresque novel, showing a lowly person’s wonderings over the world. However, there are some fundamental changes in Defoe’s book. A picaro (Spanish for a rogue) is somebody with a doubtful moral character who does not have a fixed goal in life. Nor does he care much about accumulating money. Robinson Crusoe is in fact a new species of writing which inhabits the picaresque frame with a story in the shape of a journal and has a strong flavour of journalistic truth. The hero is typical the rising English bourgeois class, practical and diligent, with a restless curiosity to know more about the world and a desire to prove individual power in the face of social and natural challenges. Defoe attaches individual power in the face of social and natural challenges. Defoe attaches great importance to the growth of Crusoe and tries to teach a moral message through his story. crusoe starts an inexperienced, naive and tactless youth, who through years of tough sea travels, develops into a clever and hardened man. He is tempered and tried by numerous dangers and hardships, but always emerges victorious. He is a real hero, not in the sense of the knight or the epic hero in the old literary genres, but a hero of the common stock, an individualist who shows marvelous capacity for work, boundless courage and energy in overcoming obstacles and a shrewdness in accumulating wealth and gaining profits. In Robinson Crusoe sings the praises of labour, presenting it as the source of human pride and happiness as well as a means to change man’s living conditions from desperation to prosperity. But at the same time, through relationship with Friday and his activities of setting up colonies overseas, Defoe also beautifies colonialism and Negro slavery. His attitude toward women, though not much concerning women is said in the novel, is also open to criticisms, for he lets Crusoe treat women as articles of property and as a means to breed and establish a lineage. But on the whole, this novel is significant as the first English novel which glorifies the individual experience of ordinary people in plain and simple language, and also as a vivid and positive portrayal of the English bourgeoisie at its early stage of development. The novel â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† tells the story of the titular hero’s adventure on a deserted island. Robinson Crusoe, longing to see the wonders of the world, runs away from home, and after many setbacks, settles down in Brazil. The call of the sea attracts him to second voyage in which he is brought along to an island after the shipwreck in a storm through many hardships, he finds ways to get daily necessities from the wrecked ship to the shore, and settles on the island for twenty four years. During the years, he tries to make himself a living in one way or another, rescues a savage whom he names Friday, and builds up a comfortable home for himself. Finally they are picked up and saved by an English ship and return to England. With an inevitable trace of colonialism, the novel depicts a hero who grows from an inexperienced youth into a shrewd and hardened man. The adventures of Robinson Crusoe on the island is a song of his courage, his wisdom, and his struggle against the hostile natural environment. As the very prototype of empire builder and the pioneer colonist, Robinson Crusoe can be seen as an individualistic man who carries human labour and the Puritan fortitude to their greatest effect. Jonathan Swift In some ways Jonathan Swift’s career parallels that of Defoe. Both were considerably occupied in the dangerous career of political writers, and both affiated themselves to Robert Harley, first a Whig and turning the Tory in 1710. swift also followed Harley and shifted from the Whig to the Tory when the latter came to power in 1710. But they differed from each other in the fact that Defoe was a businessman and did not have much knowledge of the classics whereas Swift was a churchman and a university graduate. Another difference between the two was that Swift was a member of the Anglican Church whereas Defoe was a dissenter. Both of them viewed the world with common sense but Defoe aimed to improve the morals of his time, whereas Swift viewed himan society with contempt and has been called a cynic and even a misanthrope. â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† Consisting of four parts, the novel tells four stories of the hero. In part One, the hero is in Lilliput where he becomes â€Å"Man Mountain†, for the inhabitants are only six inches tall, twelve times smaller than human beings. Yet, as a kind of â€Å"man† their sayings and doings forms a miniature of the real world. Part Two brings the hero to Brobdingnag. This time, he comes to dwarf, for the Brobdingnagians are ten times taller and larger than normal human beings. Also superior in wisdom, they look down upon the ordinary human beings for the latter’s evil or harmful doings. The third part depicts Gulliver’s travel on the flying Island where the so called philosophers and scientists devoted themselves to absurd doings, for example, to extract sunlight from cucumbers. The last part tells the hero’s adventure in the Houyhnhnm Land. There horses are endowed with reason and all good and admirable qualities, while the hairy, man-like creature, Yahoos are greedy and disgusting brutes. Henry Fielding During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of plays: witty comedies of manners or intrigues in the Restoration tradition, farces or ballad operas with political implications, and burlesques and satires that bear heavily upon the status-quo of England. Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-house Politician (1730), The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730), Pasquin (1736) and The Historical Register for the Year 1736 (1737). These successful plays not only contributed to a temporary revival of the English theatre but also were of great help to the playwright in his future literary career as a novelist. Fielding has been regarded by some as â€Å"Father of the English Novel,† for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. Of all the eighteenth-century novelist he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a â€Å"comic epic in prose,† the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form (a series of letters), as in Richardson’s Pamela, or the picaresque form (adventurous wanderings) through the mouth of the principal character, as in Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, but Fielding adopted â€Å"the third-person narration,† in which the author becomes the â€Å"all-knowing God. † He â€Å"thinks the thought† of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is. Throughout, the ordinary and usually ridiculous life of the common people, from the middle-class to the underworld, is his major concern. Fielding’s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues and other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence and unexpectedness. Samuel Johnson Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different braches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer and publicist. His chief works include poems: â€Å"London†, â€Å"The Vanity of Human Wishes†; a romance: â€Å"The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia; a tragedy: Irene. As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman—A dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century. He was very much concerned the theme of the vanity of human wishes: almost all of his writings bear this theme. He tried to awaken men to this folly and hoped to cure them of it through his writings. In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative, openly showing his dislike for much of the newly rising form of literature and his fondness for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing and philosophizing. He insisted that a writer must adhere to universal truth and experience, i. e. Nature; he must please, but he must also instruct; he must not offend against religion or promote immorality; and he must let himself be guided by old principles. Like Pope, he was particularly fond of moralizing didacticism. So, it is understandable that he was rather pleased with Richardson’s Pamela but was contemptuous of Fielding’ Tom Jones. Johnson’s style is typically neoclassical, but it is at the opposite extreme from Swift’s simplicity or Addison’s neatness. His language is characteristically general, often Latinate and frequently polysyllabic his sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with paralled words and phrases. However, no matter how complex his sentences are, the thought is always clearly expressed; and though he tends to use â€Å"learned words,† they are always accurately used. Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man. â€Å"To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield† The letter is regarded as a strong indignation of Samuel Johnson at the Earl’s fame-fishing, for the later coldly refused giving him help when he compiled his dictionary and hypocritically wrote articles to give honeyed words when the dictionary was going to be published. The Earl was a well-known â€Å"patron of literature† at the time, and it remained a rule for writers to get a patron if they wanted to get financial support or make themselves known by public. But this letter of Johnson made a break-through in that tradition implying their independence in economy and writing, and therefore opened a new era in the development of literature. Richard Brinsley Sheridan Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day. In The Rivals, a comedy of manners, he is satirizing the traditional practice of the parents to arrange marriages for their children without considering the latter’s opinion. And in The School for Scandal, the satire becomes even sharper as the characters are exposed scene by scene to their defenseless nakedness. Sheridan’s greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man. Though his dramatic techniques are largely conventional, they are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. The School for Scandal The comedy of manners, written by R. B. Sheridan, mainly tells a story about two brothers. The elder one Joseph Surface is hypocritical, and the younger one Charles Surface kind, imprudent and spendthrift. Lady Sneerwell, one of the scandal-mongers in the play, instigates Joseph to run after Maria, the ward of Sir Peter. But, Joseph, while pursuing Maria, the love of his younger brother, tries to seduce Lady Teazle, the young wife of Sir Peter. Misled by the scandal of Lady Sneerwell and Joseph, Sir Peter Teazle believed Charles was the person who flirted with his wife until one day, Lady Teazle, coming from the screen in Joseph’s library, made the truth known that person who intended to seduce her was Joseph. Thus, the latter’s hypocrisy was exposed. At the same time, Sir Oliver Surface, the rich, old uncle of the two brothers, wanted to choose one of them to be his heir. He first visited Charles in the guise of a usurer. Charles sold to him all the family portraits except that of his uncle, and thus won the favor of his uncle. Then he went to Joseph as a poor relative. But Joseph refused giving him any help by saying that he himself was in trouble. For a second time, Joseph’s hypocrisy was exposed. The play ends with Lady Teazle’s reconciliation with her husband and Charles’ winning of the hand of Maria and the inheritance of his uncle. Thomas Gray Although neoclassicism dominated the literary scene in the 18th century, there were poets whose poetry had some elements that deviated from the rules and regulations set down by neoclassicist poets. These poets had grown weary of the artificiality and controlling ideals of neoclassicism. They craved for something more natural and spontaneous in thought and language. In their poetry, emotions and sentiments, which had been repressed, began to play a leading role again. Another factor marking this deviation is the reawakening of an interest in nature and in the natural relation between man and man. Among these poets, one of the representatives was Thomas Gray. Gray was born in London and educated at Eton and Cambridge, where he, after a grand tour on the Continent, spent the rest of his life. He was first a Fellow and 1768 was appointed professor of history and modern languages. On his return from the Continent, he stayed for a short time at Stoke Poges in Bucks, where he first sketched â€Å" The Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard†, though it was finished eight years later in 1750. In contrast to those professional writers, Gray’s literary output was small. His masterpiece, â€Å"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard† was published in 1751. the poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially â€Å"the Graveyard School. † His poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present. His other poems include â€Å"Ode on the spring† (1742), â€Å"Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College† (1747), â€Å"Ode on the death of a Favourite Cat† (1748), â€Å"Hymn to Adversity† (1742), and two translations for old Norse: The Descent of Odin (1761) and The Fatal Sisters (1761) A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style is sophisticated and allusive. His poems are often marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction and distorted word order. Selected Reading: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard â€Å"Elegy written in a Country Churchyard† is regarded as Gray’s best and most representative work. The poem is the outcome of about eight years’ careful composition and polish. It is more or less connected with the melancholy event of the death of Richard West, Gray’s intimate friend. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrow of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them. The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader. Though the use of artificial poetic diction and distorted word order make understanding of the poem somewhat difficult, the artistic polish—the sure control of language, imagery, rhythm, and subtle moderation of style and tone—gives the poem a unique charm of its own. The poem has been ranked among the best of the eighteenth century English poetry. Selected Reading: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard